ISSUES IN MODELING ABERRANT ARTERIAL IMMUNOTHROMBOSIS: METHODS AND APPROACHES AT THE PRESENT STAGE
Keywords:
immunothrombosis, arterial thrombosis, thromboinflammation, platelets, neutrophil extracellular traps, NETosis, endothelium, complement, microfluidics, vessel-on-a-chip, atherothrombosisAbstract
The aim is to systematize modern methods for modeling aberrant arterial immunothrombosis and to determine their applicability for studying immune mechanisms.
Material and methods. The review is performed as a literature review with elements of methodological systematization. As of June 2026, the search for publications was conducted in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus/Scopus Preview, Web of Science Core Collection, Russian Science Citation Index, eLibrary/RSCI, RSCI core, as well as through journal cards in the Unified State List of Scientific Publications - the "White List" of the RCNI and the current list of the Higher Attestation Commission with distribution by categories K1-K3.
Results. The review examines in vivo models of chemical, photochemical, laser, and mechanical arterial damage; models of atherothrombosis in the context of dyslipidemia; ex vivo perfusion chambers with whole blood; in vitro systems with endothelial monolayers and cell co‑cultures; microfluidic and vessel‑on‑chip platforms; and computational models of hemodynamics and thrombus growth. It has been shown that the most informative approach is not a universal model, but a combination of approaches that allows for the simultaneous assessment of platelet adhesion, fibrin, neutrophil extracellular traps, complement, monocytic tissue factor, endothelial activation, and flow parameters. Based on the literature data, a promising direction is personalized modeling using the patient’s whole blood, endothelized microchannels, multicolor imaging, multi‑omics, and computational digital twins of vascular thrombosis.
Conclusion. A gap has been identified between formal awareness and the actual behavior of patients, which confirms the need for systemic measures. Priority areas for optimization have been proposed: standardizing information provided when dispensing antibiotics, introducing unified patient handouts, and strengthening the educational role of pharmaceutical professionals. Implementing these recommendations will help improve treatment adherence and reduce the risks of developing antimicrobial resistance.
Financing: The author declared that there was no source of financing.
